EPC explained: ratings, rules and the 2030 changes

An EPC, or Energy Performance Certificate, is a standard document used in the UK property market. It shows how energy efficient a home is and where it sits on a scale from A to G. It also matters legally in some sales, lettings and new-build cases, and it is part of the current rules for rented homes. Looking ahead, the government has proposed further changes for private rentals by 2030, but those reforms are not the same as the rules in force now.

What an EPC is

An Energy Performance Certificate tells you how energy efficient a property is, with a rating from A, the best, to G, the worst, and it is valid for 10 years. It also includes information about the property’s energy use and typical energy costs, along with suggested steps to improve efficiency and save money.

When you need one

You must have an EPC when selling, renting out or building a new property, and it must be ordered before the property is marketed. If you are buying or renting, the seller, landlord or letting agent must show you the EPC. GOV.UK guidance also says some properties may be exempt, including buildings used for less than 2 years, standalone buildings under 50 square metres, some listed buildings and some holiday lets. You can be fined if you do not get an EPC when one is required. In Scotland, the EPC must also be displayed somewhere in the property, for example in the meter cupboard or next to the boiler.

Minimum standards for rentals

Since 1 April 2020, landlords have not been allowed to let properties with an EPC rating below E unless they have a valid exemption in place under the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards rules. GOV.UK guidance also says landlords are not currently required to spend more than £3,500 including VAT on energy efficiency improvements under the present cost cap.

The 2030 reforms

The government has proposed raising the minimum energy efficiency standard for privately rented homes in England and Wales to EPC C by 2030. According to consultation decisions published in January 2026, the proposal is for a single compliance date of 1 October 2030 and a £10,000 cost cap. These are proposed reforms rather than the current legal position.

Key facts

Source: GOV.UK - Energy Performance Certificates — Guidance checked August 2026

Source: GOV.UK - Energy Performance Certificates — Guidance checked August 2026

Source: GOV.UK - Energy Performance Certificates — Guidance checked August 2026

Source: GOV.UK - Energy Performance Certificates — Guidance checked August 2026